Personal Reflection On Community Psychiatry And Mental Healthcare Nursing Essay

Personal Reflection On Community Psychiatry And Mental Healthcare Nursing Essay As a part of my clinical SSC, I had to do visits to a variety of mental health care settings: 1 visit to River House at Bethlem Royal Hospital 1 visit to Scutari Clinic at St Thomas Hospital 1 visit Cheyne Ward at Kings College Hospital 4 visits to 190 Kennington Lane Clinic These visits broadened my knowledge about mental health care and the services provided. In each placement, I observed at least one consultation and had an opportunity of talking to a variety of health care professions about mental health care services and patient care. This reflective account discusses my experiences in the mental health care and the things that I observed. A Brief History on Psychiatry Psychiatry can be defined as the study of mental illnesses, their diagnoses, management and prevention (Oxford Medical Dictionary) and when this is carried out in the community, it is called community psychiatry. Here is a brief timeline of transformation from mental asylums to community based care: In 1601 the Poor Law was established which stated that individuals who were unable to care for themselves should be supported (History of Mental Health and Community Care- Key Dates, Mind.org.uk). In 1800s, introduction of the County Asylums 1808 allowed the asylums and psychiatric hospitals to be established, treating mentally ill patients (History of Mental Health and Community Care- Key Dates, Mind.org.uk). The number of bed allocated to patients with mental health problems was at its peak in 1954 (152,000 beds). However, with the introduction of new treatment plans, such new anti psychotic medication, rehabilitation in community, the numbers of people being admitted to psychiatric hospital reduced (ABC of Mental Health, 2nd Edition and History of Mental Health and Community Care- Key Dates, Mind.org.uk). Mental health care centres were the one of the steps taken in terms of the implementation of mental health care policies in 1980s (Sayce et al. 1990). 1990s, mental health care in the community was reformed and implemented a form of community mental health team which is a team of professions including a psychiatric, psychologist, social worker, occupational therapist and care coordinator, manage people with mental illnesses in the community settings (ABC of Mental Health,2nd Edition). Community Mental Health Team and Other Services Mental health problems are normally managed by primary health care, e.g. GPs, and referrals can be made to either community mental health teams or secondary health care if needed (ABC of Mental Health Care, 2nd Edition and Mental Health Policy Implementation Guide: Community Mental Health Teams, 2002). The majority of the patients who use the services provided by community mental health care teams have time limited problems and will be referred back to their general practices once they have made the necessary recovery (Mental Health Policy Implementation Guide: Community Mental Health Teams, 2002). Reflecting back upon a consultation that I observed at Kennington Lane Clinic, a patient was discharged from the clinic after having used the services as there was a significant improvement in her condition. One of the reasons for the referral to community mental health care team is that primary health care may not be able to offer services such as cognitive behavioural therapy or rehabilitation, required for patients with certain mental disorders, for example obsessive compulsive disorder (Mental Health Policy Implementation Guide: Community Mental Health Teams, 2002). Once the referral is done, patient is risk assessed and assigned a care coordinator, who would support, advice and have a regular contact with the patient. At Kennington Lane Clinic, the care coordinator whom I spoke with stated that when one of his patients do not attend a scheduled appointment, then he would go to visit this patient at his/her home so in other words, providing a continuity of care and support. During my time at River House, a medium secure hospital, one of the doctors that I have met articulated the fact that medium secure hospitals fill the gaps that are created by both the psychiatric units of general hospitals and the high secure hospitals. Since the patients admitted to medium secure hospital are not suitable for both: high secure hospitals may not accept these patients because they are not dangerous or insane enough and psychiatric units of general hospital may find these patients dangerous enough to refuse the admission. Therefore, medium secure hospitals are solely developed to accommodate such patients. The same principle can be applied to community mental health teams as they are thought to form a bridge between primary and secondary health care (ABC of Mental Health Care, 2nd Edition). During the transformation to community based psychiatry, it was thought that the prevalence of homicide carried out by psychiatric patients after deinstitutionalisation was going up but in fact these claims were not accurate (Fakhoury and Priebe, 2007). Deinstitutionalisation and allowing patients with psychiatric problems to be managed and cared for in the community settings intended to lessen and curtail social stigma related to patients with mental health problems, to integrate these patients into the community, and importantly to reduce and prevent long term hospital stays (Fakhoury and Priebe, 2007). So, one can conclude the fact that Community health care teams allow patients with mental disorder to stay in the community and have a life that as normal as possible. However, Fakhoury and Priebe, 2007 stated that community psychiatry has not quite achieved its goal in terms of social integration as most of the psychiatric patients in the community are unemployed, live in a sheltered accommodation or even homeless. During my time at Kennington Lane Clinic, I met a patient whom I will be naming as Mr. A due to confidentiality code. This patient looked depressed and was complaining about having nightmares, unpleasant thoughts and phobia of using public transport. He also mentioned having thoughts of self harming and suicide. On further questioning, he revealed that he did think about committing suicide by overdosing himself with his antidepressants but could not do it as he could not find a place to do it: he is unemployed, homeless and lives with his elderly parents and occasionally with his daughters both of whom are married. In terms of what observed and felt at Kennington Lane Clinic, patients whose files that read or met were either using street drugs or having housing problems compared to the patients that I saw at Scutari Clinic in St Thomas Hospital, however this may not be the case in general since I cannot generalise what I observed during my time at both places to the rest of the country. One of the main difficulties experienced by the community mental health team is that the DNA (Did Not Attend) rates are very high in comparison to out-patient clinics at hospitals. I visited Kennington Lane Clinic four times in total but managed to observe only two consultations so I had to read the patient files and talk to their care coordinator instead. At the Scutari Clinic, I noticed that almost all the patients did attend their scheduled appointment with the doctor. I could not help but ask the duty doctors about the rate of DNAs both at the community based clinics and hospital based outpatient clinic levels and the answer that I received did confirm what I observed. I believe that one of good things about community mental health teams is that they facilitate home visits which are not normally offered for the patients attending out-patient clinics. I agree with William R. Breakey, the author of Integrated mental health services: modern community psychiatry, that home visits allow clinicians to see patients in their own surroundings and to allow them plan an appropriate care plan for a particular patient. Of course, there is a variety of services dedicated to patients with mental health problems: an appropriate choice of service would be chosen for the patients best interest. Reflecting back on my time at Kennington Lane Clinic, I came across Mr Bs file from which I read his past medical history and discussed this patient with a social worker who was involved with this particular case. On discussion, I found out that he was originally referred to the clinic by his GP and treated by this clinic quite a long time but unfortunately was relapsing and not compliant with his medication. When something like this is the case, patients can be detained at hospital against their own will under the Mental Act legislation (Rethink, Factsheet, 2010). This particular patient was going to be detained under Section 2 for 28 days. In order to carry this out, the patient had to be seen by 3 professions (2 psychiatrics and 1 social worker) in the presence of police. These three professions are specialise d in mental health care that would assess the patients mental state and make a decision. In addition, during my time at Cheyne ward, I shadowed a senior registrar who was on call in AE. I managed to observe a consultation which lasted about 30 minutes. Mr C was complaining about low mood and was self-harming. Having learnt that his father had a history of long term depression and his relationship with his father is not good, he was suggested to stay in hospital in order to carry out a full mental assessment. End the end of the consultation; he was happy to go ahead with this decision. As can be seen, the main difference between these two cases (Mr B and Mr C) is the way of the admission process: one is being admitted to hospital by force and the other one is giving consent. Mr C is an example of informal patient who is admitted to hospital with his own will and not detained under the Mental Health Act legislation, whereas Mr B is sectioned under the Mental Health Act legislation and cannot have the right refuse treatment. All in all, this revolution of change from hospital based treatment to community based treatment played an important role modernising the mental health services in the UK. Community mental health care provides help and support to those with mental illnesses at the community settings and appropriate patients are referred to this service. From what I observed and read, I can confidently say that community mental health services provide a care that is continuous and offer advice.

How to work on complex tasks in a team Essay -- Management

Every day in our life we come across challenges. It becomes imperative that we find solutions to them. Some problems we need to face alone and some we need to encounter as a team. I worked in several teams all my professional life and I believe that any task can be easily completed when there is coordination between the members of the team. In this reflection paper I would like to present my views on the importance of defining roles, advantages of being with the same team, challenges in a diversified group and the significance of trusting team members. Defining Roles â€Å"Roles are positions in a group that have a set of expected behaviours attached to themâ€Å"(John and Saks, 2011: Page 225 of quote). I feel that most of the problems in a team occur because roles are not clearly defined. Roles provide sense of direction to the team members and drive them towards the common goal. I would like to quote my experience when I joined as a trainee to depict the importance of roles in a team. Our team had two tasks, supporting the existing applications and developing new applications. Even though there were 6 members in our team, there used to be issues every day. There used to be slippages in deadlines and we used to miss support tickets too. This went on for about 3 months and our lead arranged a meeting to find out the reason behind our poor performance. The first and foremost thing that popped up was that none of the members of sure of their roles. Everyone concentrated on just one task and as a result we always defaulted. Drastic improvement in our team’s performance after each member was assigned a specific role proved the importance of team roles. My practical experience combined with the theoretical proof that â€Å"Role ambiguity causes... ...hin few months she started working efficiently and the outcome was that we won best team award within our entire account. To conclude, there might be several reasons behind exceptional or poor performance of a team but I regard the points mentioned above highly and I feel that if the above issues are taken care then the team would perform to their potential, providing exceptional results. References 1. Organizational Behaviour, Sixth Edition by Gary Johns & Alan M. Saks 2. Why teams don’t work – Interview by Diane Coutu 3. Building the Emotional Intelligence of Groups by Vanessa Urch Druskat and Stephen B.Wolff 4. http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Managing_Groups_and_Teams/Diversity#How_Are_Diverse_Teams_Different_From_Homogenous_Ones.3F 5. http://jmo.e-contentmanagement.com/archives/vol/10/issue/1/article/382/trust-a-neglected-variable-in-team-effectiveness

Employee Welfare Measures Questionnaire Essay

Dear Recruiter, Request you to please fill in the questionnaire and help me understand the labour laws compiled in your organisation that will help me to produce factual data to my project. Project Topic: Employee welfare measures followed in small textile units in Bhiwandi city Please be rest assured about maintaining the confidentiality of the data. Your timely help will be highly appreciated. Regards Govind R Sharma MBA (HRM) Pondicherry University Compliance of labours laws & Employee welfare measures Name: Designation: Company: Please fill the column where information sought and reply the questions asked in Yes/ No type question Questions Answers Total employee strength of your company Type of company (Proprietary/ Pvt. Ltd./ Ltd/ listed) Strength of HR team in organization Company type (Indian/ Indian MNC/ Foreign based MNC) Does your company follow Industrial Dispute Act? Does your Organization make deduction to all employees as per ESI Act? Does your Organisation Make Deduction as per PF & MIsc Act? Does your organization follow Maternity Benefit Act, Payment of Wages Act and Payment of Minimum Wages Act? Does your organization follow all the procedures laid down in Factories Act & Shops and Establishment Act? Do you pay equal remuneration to both male and female employees ? Do you think that all the rules laid down on above mentioned Act are employer and employee friendly? What is the amount of Bonus you usually pay to your employees? Do you think that there should be only 5 days working or the daily working hours should not exceed 8 hours or 48 hours in a week? Please mention the various employee welfare programme in your organization beside of those made compulsory by various labour legislation. What is the grievance handling mechanism followed in the organization? What is your view that a small organization having employee strength of 10-30 people cannot implement employee welfare measures as per the prescribed Act or beyond the purview of the Act? Please specify in brief. How many times the Factory Inspector, labour inspector, PF commissioner or officials/ ESI officers visit your organization? Are you happy with their inspection work? Are they employer and employee friendly or believe in making money only? What is the maximum duration any employee stay in your organization? Do you allow them to work in your company more than 5 years? After completing 5 years in your organization, whenever they leave your organization, do you provide them any extra monetary benefits? If yes, please specify the amount. Apart from the salary, what other benefits you provide to your employees? Do you think that providing too many benefits to employees lead to industrial unrest hence they should kept within certain limit? Justify your answer please.

The Issue Of Animal Cruelty - 1023 Words

All beings, â€Å"things†, and properties of life have a sole function and reason to be in existence. Everything must have an ends to itself rather than a means to another ends (Aristotle, 617-636). Aristotle examines the idea of function and purposefulness within the ten books of Nicomachean Ethics. Finding this ends to itself is how one can achieve the ultimate happiness. Aristotle discovers that if everything has an ends to itself, man too, must have an end. What does being a â€Å"person† really mean, and who is eligible to classify themselves as a â€Å"person†? How can one distinctively be told apart from an intellectual animal? Aristotle’s pinpointing the function and purpose of man, can directly relate to Mary Midgley’s article Persons and Non-Persons. Midgley’s article speaks about the issue of animal cruelty. The case of harming a dolphin and eventually becoming self-destructing is the main focus of the article. The researcher decid ed to set the dolphins free into the water, creating an even more dangerous environment for a lethargic, self-destructing dolphin. Both sources focus on the idea of the defining feature of man, and questions what is it that makes us human? Society is constantly abusing the idea of human superiority. Although humans have a distinctive feature, what gives one the right to be cruel to the other beings of the world, no matter what their function or their purpose in the world is? One must be careful not to abuse their power. One must use their practical andShow MoreRelatedAnimal Cruelty Is An Ethical And Moral Issue Essay1273 Words   |  6 Pagesan ethical and moral issue? What are the different opinions about the actual issue or how to solve the issue? Animal cruelty can be either deliberate abuse or simply the failure to take care of an animal. Either way, or whether the animal is a pet, a farm animal or wildlife, the victim can suffer terribly. Animal cruelty is an ethical and moral dilemma as there is no clear right or wrong answers that can solve all of the issues. There are numerous opinions on how this issue can be solved, theseRead MoreThe Ongoing Issue of Animal Cruelty, Abuse, and Animal Testing1078 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal cruelty is an ongoing issue in today’s society. When we listen to the news and hear about these animals being starved, beaten, and treated poorly our hearts drop and we get a lump in our throat holding back the tears. We see these animals suffer, we see the pain in their eyes begging for our help, we want to put an end to this but we fail to see the bigger picture. Animal cruelty is a more severe and extreme than we think it is. Animal cruelty just is not owners beating their pets. AnimalRead MoreAnimal Cruelty Is A Tremendous Issue Concerning The United States1663 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal Cruelty and the Link to Abuse Toward Humans Animal cruelty is a tremendous issue concerning the United States and has a large link to abuse toward humans. On DoSomething.org (n.d.), they found that â€Å"Today animal cruelty has been reported in urban, suburban, and rural settings in all regions of the country† (para. 6). But at the same time, there is animal welfare, which can protect animals when they have been mistreated. Individuals who participate in animal cruelty are more likely to engenderRead MoreAnimal Cruelty And Domestic Violence Essay1679 Words   |  7 Pages Animal Cruelty and Domestic Violence: Intersections of Abuse Animals are an important and valued part of many families and cultures. In many households, animals are considered members of the family, receive Christmas and birthday presents, and are cared for just as a human child would be. Opposition to animal cruelty has even become a sort of universal value in American culture(Kordzek 604). But animals are uniquely vulnerable to abuse, and despite this theyRead MoreDomestic Violence VS Animal Cruelty and Child Abuse1665 Words   |  7 PagesOver the centuries, animals have suffered from cruelty from humans. In the United States, animals are beaten, neglected, or forced to struggle for survival. Animals have been inflicted with pain from humans for reasons other than self-defense. They have been slaughtered for their food and fur for personal gain in profit. In a majority of cases they have even been abused for someone’s own personal amusement or out of rage filled impulses. In some cases animals are found and rescued. They are givenRe ad MoreA Brief History of Animal Abuse and Cruelty Essay1152 Words   |  5 Pagesattracted by black smoke. She managed to put out the the flames with her sweater and proceeded to rush him to a small animal hospital with severe burns over his whole body and a serious ankle infection. Although he lost 60% off of both of his ears he maintained almost complete mobility of his leg. He still has a slight limp. Judi Bunge, a senior vet technician at Buffalo Small Animal Hospital who had been looking after Phoenix, adopted him soon after he had fully recovered. He now lives with Judi andRead MoreAnimal Abuse And Cruelty1342 Words   |  6 PagesCruelty to animals can either be the unintentional and the intentional infliction by humans of suffering or harm upon any non-human animal, regardless of whether the act is against the law. So much has happened recently that the US has broken it down into four categories, simple or gross neglect; intentional abuse and torture; organized abuse, including dogfighting and cockfighting; and animal sexual abuse (Fricker). The very first group of people in U.S. history to give laws for animal cruelty wasRead MoreAnimal Cruelty Essay969 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal cruelty is any act of violence or neglect against an animal. A few things one may have seen are an animal tied up outside for all hours of the day with no food or water or maybe a person has seen an owner purposely hit their dog. Animals, like humans, have feelings and reactions to the way they are handled: abused animals could become dangerous to society. Society most often defines animal cruelty as the infliction of physical pain, suffering, or death upon an animal when not necessary forRead MorePersuasive Essay On Animal Abuse1272 Words   |  6 Pages Animal Abuse Im sure you’ve seen all of those ad T.V. commercials with all the cute, sad animals? The ones that usually make you tear up and act emotional? Well those ads are very important because animal abuse/animal cruelty is still going on. Even as youve read the past couple sentences, about 39 animals have died. Animal cruelty is a huge problem NOT just in the US but also in the whole world from circuses to science labs, horse racing, and even movies. Most of us have pets we considerRead MorePersuasive Speech Outline (Using Monroes Motivated Sequence Essay1044 Words   |  5 PagesSpeech Animal Laws Should Be More Strict Many people may not know that animal cruelty has been around for hundreds of years. . In the article Animal Cruelty Prosecution published by American Prosecution Research Institute found that, The Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony established â€Å"The Body of Liberties† found by the Animal Cruelty Prosecution, in 1641. The Body of Liberties was a document written for the protection of animals from unnecessary pain and suffering. Animal cruelty happens

Management - 748 Words

Chapter 1 Technical skills are necessary, but they are not sufficient alone to succeed in management. In order to succeed in this competitive environment manager must have good people skills. Management Functions Planning / organizing / Leading and controlling Management roles Interpersonal : - Figurehead, leader , liaison Informational : - Monitor , spokesperson , disseminator Decisional : -Entrepreneur , Disturbance handler , recourse allocator Management Skills Technical / conceptual / Human skills Effective vs Successful manager Traditional management / networking / communication / Human resource management Effective – More communication Successful – more networking Average – all three balanced. Organization Behavior :-†¦show more content†¦Operant – people learn to behave to get something that they want and avoid something that they don’t want social – people can learn through observation and direct experience. Attention / Retention / Motor Reproduction / reinforcement. Shaping : - when we attempt to mold individual by guiding their behavior in graduated steps. Methods : positive reinforcement / negative reinforcement / punishment / extinction. Schedule of reinforcement : - fixed/ variable / fixed ratio / variable ratio / continuous. Chapter 4 Personality : - sum total ways in which individual react to and interact with others. Three main ways to measure personality Self report/ observer rating / projective measure (Rorschach inkblot test amp; thematic appreciation test) Use of personality assessment in organization Selection/ screening / career planning / team building / management development. Personality determinants P = H * E* S ( Hereditary * Environment * Situation ) MBTI:- Myers Briggs type Indicator 100 questions personality test and ask how people feel and react in particular situation post that the person is divided among :- Extraverted / introvert, sensing / intuitive , thinking/ feeling , judging / perceiving BasedShow MoreRelatedManagement : Management And Management1504 Words   |  7 Pagesassuring an organization to be able to run smoothly is called as Management. Managers are capable to make decisions that will impact an organization in every phase. These decisions vary from employing new staff to taking a company public. Management is not an easy task, and good managers are highly respected. Management is like investment. Its main purpose is to extract the most out of every resource available in the organization. Management can be called as achieving targets in such a way that all theRead MoreManagement : Management And Management Essay1740 Words   |  7 Pagesproposals, and compliance training must meet the standards and requirements of both organizational structures, requiring Mr. Aranda to be fluent in both organizational cultures. Mr. Aranda was chosen for this project due to my observance of his management capabilities over the past twelve years. Mr. Aranda was an engineering technician who then earned a BS in business, resulting in being promoted to Engineering Manager, which enabled me to observe his triumphs and failures, and watch the evolutionRead MoreManagement Theory Of Management And Management937 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen used in company management. However, management of company could not be effective if only rely on theories. In fact, a good company development requires not only suitable theories selection but also consistency with practice in appropriate organization environment. 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They cannot operate on the basis that everyone has the same job level if they plan to make a profit. However, the individuals that are placed in the higher power positions fall into two categories, leaders and managers. Many would say these are the same thing, when in reality they are not. They are two different styles that are used when operating a business and using the right one at the right time isRead MoreLeadership, Management, And Management876 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership and Management Name Institutional Affiliation Leadership and Management The achievements of organizations depend on their management and the manner in which their leaders conduct several operations within the organization. It is worth mentioning that successful organizations attribute their positive impacts in the market and general employee-employer relation to the influence spearheaded by the management team (Hiriyappa, 2013). 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The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1247 Words

Over time, the idea of â€Å"The American Dream† shifted from the Founding Fathers idealistic belief of equality, liberty, and happiness for all to the view that what is most important is the accumulation of wealth and material possessions as written about by F. Scott Fitzgerald in The Great Gatsby. How does a whole country go from a shared value of advancing freedom and individual rights to that of advancing oneself at the expense of others? Individuals are a product of their environment and reflect the values of society of their time. Thomas Jefferson, one of the authors of the Declaration of Independence, stated that, â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.† (ushistory.org) It is clear that Jefferson and the other Founding Fathers did not associate wealth or materialism with happiness in light of the following quote attributed to Jefferson, â€Å"Yes, we did produce a near-perfect republic. But will they keep it? Or will they, in the enjoyment of plenty, lose the memory of freedom? Material abundance without character is the path of destruction.† (monticello.org) It appears that the Founding Fathers feared that future generations would forget the true meaning of freedom and the responsibility that preserving it entails and become self-absorbed with greed. The Founding Fathers lived in a time ofShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1393 Words   |  6 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald was the model of the American image in the nineteen twenties. He had wealth, fame, a beautiful wife, and an adorable daughter; all seemed perfect. Beneath the gilded faà §ade, however, was an author who struggled with domestic and physical difficulties that plagued his personal life and career throughout its short span. This author helped to launch the theme that is so prevalent in his work; the human instinct to yearn for more, into the forefront of American literature, where itRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1343 Words   |  6 PagesHonors English 10 Shugart 18 Decemeber 2014 The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald s 1925 novel The Great Gatsby is a tragic love story, a mystery, and a social commentary on American life. The Great Gatsby is about the lives of four wealthy characters observed by the narrator, Nick Carroway. 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After the tragedy and horrors of WWI, people were focused on anything that they could that would distract from the emptiness that had swallowed them. Tangible greed tied with extreme materialism left many, by the end of this time period, disenchanted. The usage of the literary theories of both Biographical and Historical lenses provide a unique interpretation of the Great Gatsby centered aroundRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald845 Words   |  3 PagesIn F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, colors represent a variety of symbols that relate back to the American Dream. The dream of being pure, innocent and perfect is frequently associated with the reality of corruption, violence, and affairs. Gatsby’s desire for achieving the American Dream is sought for through corruption (Schneider). The American Dream in the 1920s was perceived as a desire of w ealth and social standings. Social class is represented through the East Egg, the WestRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay970 Words   |  4 Pagesrespecting and valuing Fitzgerald work in the twenty-first century? Fitzgerald had a hard time to profiting from his writing, but he was not successful after his first novel. There are three major point of this essay are: the background history of Fitzgerald life, the comparisons between Fitzgerald and the Gatsby from his number one book in America The Great Gatsby, and the Fitzgerald got influences of behind the writing and being a writer. From childhood to adulthood, Fitzgerald faced many good andRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald2099 Words   |  9 Pagesauthor to mirror his life in his book. In his previous novels F. Scott Fitzgerald drew from his life experiences. He said that his next novel, The Great Gatsby, would be different. He said, â€Å"In my new novel I’m thrown directly on purely creative work† (F. Scott Fitzgerald). He did not realize or did not want it to appear that he was taking his own story and intertwining it within his new novel. In The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, he imitates his lifestyle through the Buchanan family to demonstrateRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1607 Words   |  7 Pages The Great Gatsby is an American novel written in 1925 by F. Scott Fitzgerald. One of the themes of the book is the American Dream. The American Dream is an idea in which Americans believe through hard work they can achieve success and prosperity in the free world. In F. Scott Fitzgerald s novel, The Great Gatsby, the American Dream leads to popularity, extreme jealousy and false happiness. Jay Gatsby’s recent fortune and wealthiness helped him earn a high social position and become one of the mostRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1592 Words   |  7 PagesMcGowan English 11A, Period 4 9 January 2014 The Great Gatsby Individuals who approach life with an optimistic mindset generally have their goals established as their main priority. Driven by ambition, they are determined to fulfill their desires; without reluctance. These strong-minded individuals refuse to be influenced by negative reinforcements, and rely on hope in order to achieve their dreams. As a man of persistence, the wealthy Jay Gatsby continuously strives to reclaim the love of hisRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1646 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1920s witnessed the death of the American Dream, a message immortalized in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Initially, the American Dream represented the outcome of American ideals, that everyone has the freedom and opportunity to achieve their dreams provided they perform honest hard work. During the 1920s, the United States experienced massive economic prosperity making the American Dream seem alive and strong. However, in Fitzgerald’s eyes, the new Am erican culture build around that

Critical Role Management and Organizations in Global Environment

Question: Discuss about the Critical Role Management and Organizations in Global Environment. Answer: Introduction: A key element of an organisation which plays a critical role in its success is organisational culture. It may be defined as a system constituting of values, beliefs and assumptions that are essentially shared across the organisation and hence drives the behaviour of the various stakeholders particularly employees. The organisational culture tends to have a sizable impact on the way the various tasks are performed by the employees and their underlying actions. It is evident that organisational culture of various organisations tends to be different (Alvesson, 2013). In this light, it is imperative to highlight the various factors that play a pivotal role in determining the organisational culture. Some of the significant factors in this regard are outlined below. Individuals working in the organisation While the conduct of the employees is shaped by the organisational culture, but the employees also play a critical role in shaping organisation culture. The underlying beliefs of the employees, demographics, their prior experiences and underlying nationality may play a critical role in contributing to organisational culture depending on their underlying numbers (Haberberg Rieple, 2008). For instance, any organisation which consists of sizable army personnel would tend to have a strict culture particularly regarding following of orders and punctuality. On the other hand, a workplace driven by young employees in the age group of 18-25, the organisational culture would be highly informal and fun driven. Nature of Business The nature of business also tends to impact the organisational culture particularly the nature of product and services offered. For instances the businesses offering emergency services such as hospitals, ambulances, fire extinguishing tend to be very high on punctuality and following strict protocols as non-compliance with these could potentially be fatal for the client (Alvesson, 2013). On the other hand, organisations in service businesses tend to driven by customer satisfaction and hence the employees are supposed to be extra cordial and helpful towards the customers. Further, consider businesses thriving on creativity such as advertisement which tend to have a highly informal and open culture which enables a creative thinking. Clients and parties being served The organisational culture tends to driven by the clients that are being served because the viability and survival of any business essentially rests upon the satisfaction of the clients. As a result, the organisational culture shapes up in accordance with the clients. For instance, an outsourcing business which is serving clients based in US and UK would need to work according to the timings suitable to the clients and must also be sensitive to their respective culture and behave accordingly. Additionally, the organisational culture of service businesses in general is more driven by the conduct of the clients (Brennan, nd). The conduct of the management This is perhaps the most significant internal factor that shapes up the organisational culture as the employees tend to exhibit behaviour which is consistent with the expectations of the higher management so as to reap rewards in terms of promotion and other benefits. The extent of delegation of decision making exhibited by management is a significant shaping tool for organisational culture. Additionally, the nature of factors taken into consideration by management for promotion and the performance evaluation system in place also impacts the organisational culture. The level of formality expected in conduct reflected in dress up and office etiquettes is also driven by the management (Schein, 2010). For instance, for an organisation where the CEO is quite informal with the employees, then in general the organisational culture of the underlying place would be lower in formality. Hence, the management style pursued by the founder and top management is a cr itical factor driving organisational culture. An example of organisation chosen for this task is Woolworths. It is the largest supermarket operator in Australia and also has sizable presence in retail industry across various verticals such as home improvement, discount retailing, fuel retailing and merchandise. Additionally, the company also has interest in the hotel business. With regards to geographical presence, about 95% of the revenues are obtained from Australia and New Zealand. Hence, it is apparent that the current share of markets outside the Oceania region is very miniscule (Woolworths, 2016). Being a service industry present in a competitive industry, the organisational culture is driven by the clients. This has profound implications on the employees and their behaviour (Menon, 2014). The employees especially working at the store level who are in direct contact with the clients need to be extremely courteous and sensitive towards the customers so that they can build a competitive advantage over the rival Coles by offering a better service to the customers. The employees working at the store level are given specialised training in this regard so as to ensure an unfettered consumer commitment with high degree of standardisation. Besides, flexibility in certain cases is also permitted provided it is driven by the client. As a result, the conduct and behaviour of these employees is highly driven by organisational culture. Further, the other employees are also driven by this organisational culture and hence aim to carry out their functions keeping the consumer at the focus (Me non, 2014). In the retail industry, with the advent of online retailing and changing demographics and expectations of the consumers, there is a shift in the organisational culture. This is also to an extent driven by the diversity of the employees working at the company. As a result, it is imperative that the organisational culture needs to be sensitive to these changes and alter accordingly so that to be more reflective of the needs of the employees and clients. In this regards, it is imperative to collect regular feedbacks from employees and clients with regards to organisational practices and value system and thus bring about requisite shift as and when required. Besides, training of employees is also critical and it needs to be deployed as a screening tool. For instance, there may be employees that may not be naturally suited for coming in direct interface with consumers and the same should be deployed elsewhere so that the organisational values are not compromised (Alvesson, 2013). The organisational structure may be defined as the manner in which various activities such as allocation of task, coordination and evaluation of the same are carried out with the intention of achievement of the underlying organisational goals. The organisational structure is a key element for organisational success and facilitates decision making and hence implementation of the underlying strategy. Since, the delegation of power is greatly linked to the organisational structure, hence proportional the decision making is also allocated based on this. Further, it also plays a key role in determining organisational communication which usually flows in the hierarchy of the authority outlined by the structure. The organisational structure also facilitates the evaluation of employees as it outlines a particular authority as being responsible for reviewing the performance of the subordinate (Jacobides, 2007). As the organisational structure provides a clear hierarchy to the organisation, th e supervisors can clearly identify their subordinates and hence carry out their performance evaluation by observing the conduct of subordinate with regards to work, organisational commitment and conduct with fellow employees. The organisational structure also enables a direct chain of command which not only provides requisite authority and clarity but also ensures that accountability is achieved which is a critical element for the achievement of the organisational goals (Galbraith, 2014). Besides, organisational structure enables convenient identification of the issues that may hamper organisational growth and allow for timely solution in this regards (Mintzberg, Ahlstrand Lampel, 2008). The various elements of organisational structure are as follows. Geographical presence The organisational structure is driven by the extent of geographical spread of the business activity. A large geographical spread of the business may imply that regional heads may be required with requisite functional support so as to provide customised strategic support (Galbraith, 2014). For Woolworths, the major geography is Australia which contributed more than 80% of the revenues with New Zealand being the only prominent foreign market of importance. Thus, low geographical presence implies that the headquarter controls the overall operations. Number of distinct businesses and products Typically, an organisation which has high number of products which tend to offer significantly to the revenues and profitability, then it makes a strong case for organisational structure driven by product line (Haberberg Rieple, 2008). This is true for Woolworths which has presence across various businesses which are run under different names and would have slightly different underlying strategy and therefore the organisation structure is driven by a dedicated team deployed at the level of different businesses who owe accountability to the Board of Directors of Woolworths. Authority distribution and Control This is a key element which drives the organisational structure. In this regard, the key element is the level of control that is desired (Root, nd). For instance, in case of Woolworths, the employees at the store level are under the direct authority of the store manager and a portfolio of stores in a region are under a regional manager and thus the hierarchy thus set up. Overall, the structure is not very hierarchical with the largest number of employees concentrated at the store level. Hence, the organizational structure is heavy towards the bottom and lean towards the top. The relevant divisional structure at Woolworths is highlighted below (Woolworths, 2016). It is apparent from the diagram that the organisational structure is driven by the various divisions of businesses namely supermarkets, petrol, liquor, general merchandise and home improvement. Further, for each of the division, then functional structure has also been displayed which is responsible for the given division. A detailed functional structure for the home improvement division is displayed in the following structure which caters to the various business needs so that the end objectives may be achieved (Galbraith, 2014). In the organisational structure that is being followed at Woolworths, there are the following two critical issues (Mintzberg, Ahlstrand Lampel, 2008). There is overlapping of functions for the staff under different divisions which results in incremental costs which could otherwise be avoided. This is particularly true for certain divisions such as purchase whose cross divisional synergies may be reaped. Further, considering that the concentration of employees at the store level tends to be very high, there are limited opportunities for growth from the bottom level and these need to be increased so that the employee loyalty and skill may be suitably rewarded. In order to resolve the above challenges, following solutions may be suggested (Galbraith, 2014). It is imperative for the organisation to explore cross functional synergies across divisions and integrate the same thus resulting in significant costs savings on employees and functional costs. Besides, it is imperative that more promotional positions need to be created for the staff working at the store level as they play a critical role in acting as brand ambassadors of the company and are at the crucial interface with the customers. References Alvesson, M. (2013), Understanding Organisational Culture, London: Sage Publications Brennan, J. (n.d.), Five key factors that determine organisational culture, Retrieved 22 December 2016 https://wellnessatwork.com.au/five-key-factors-that-determine-organisational-culture/ Galbraith, J.R. (2014), Designing Organisations, San Francisco: John Wiley Sons Haberberg, A. Rieple, A. (2008), Strategic Management: Theory and Application, New York: Oxford University Press Jacobides, M. G. (2007). The inherent limits of organizational structure and the unfulfilled role of hierarchy: Lessons from a near-war. Organization Science, 18(3), 455-477 Menon, S. (2014), Does organizational culture influence employee behavior at work?, Retrieved 22 December 2016 https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20140809231713-40057959-does-organizational-culture-influence-employee-behavior-at-work Mintzberg, H., Ahlstrand, B. Lampel, B.J. (2008), Strategy Safari: The Complete Guide Through the Wilds of Strategic Management. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Root, G.N. (n.d.), Six Elements of Organisational Structure, Retrieved 22 December 2016 https://smallbusiness.chron.com/six-elements-organizational-structure-4.html Schein, E.H.(2010), Organisational Culture and Leadership, San Francisco: John Wiley Sons Woolworths (2016), Annual Report 2016, Retrieved 22 December 2016 https://wow2016ar.qreports.com.au/